Resource Library

We believe health starts with knowledge and information. Explore our resources on all things related to common sports medicine conditions, preventative techniques, and more.

Explore by Topic:

Femoral Neck Fracture

The hip is a ball-and-socket joint made up of the head of the thigh bone or femur that acts as the ball and fits into the rounded socket of the hip bone or acetabulum.

The hip is a ball-and-socket joint made up of the head of the thigh bone or femur that acts as the ball and fits into the rounded socket of the hip bone or acetabulum. The neck of the femur is the region just below the ball of the hip joint.

Fractures to the femoral neck can completely or partially disconnect the femoral head from the rest of the femur. Femoral neck fractures may be either displaced, where the bone is moved out of its original position, or non-displaced, where there is no instability of the bone. These fractures may disrupt the blood supply to the fractured portion of the bone. In cases of badly displaced femoral neck fractures, the decreased blood supply prevents these fractures from healing.

Minimally Invasive Total Hip Replacement

The hip joint is one of the body's largest weight-bearing joints and is the point where the thigh bone (femur) and the pelvis (acetabulum) join.

The hip joint is one of the body's largest weight-bearing joints and is the point where the thigh bone (femur) and the pelvis (acetabulum) join. It is a ball and socket joint in which the head of the femur is the ball and the pelvic acetabulum forms the socket. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular cartilage that cushions and enables smooth movements of the joint.

Hip arthritis is one of the painful and common diseases of the hip joint caused by damage to the cartilage. Total hip replacement surgery is an option to relieve severe arthritis pain that limits your daily activities.

Traditionally, total hip replacement will be performed through a 10–12 inch long incision made on the side of the hip. A minimally invasive approach has been developed in recent years where surgery is performed through one or two smaller incisions rather than the single long incision as in the traditional approach. Advantages of the newer approach are lesser muscle dissection, minimal pain, quicker recovery, and faster rehabilitation.

Arthritis is inflammation of the joints resulting in pain, swelling, stiffness and limited movement. Hip arthritis is a common cause of chronic hip pain and disability. The most common type of arthritis affecting the hip is osteoarthritis which is characterized by progressive wearing away of the joint cartilage. As the protective cartilage wears down, the bone ends rub against each other and cause pain in the hip. It is more common in individuals aged above 50 years and tends to run in families.

Femoroacetabular Impingement

The hip joint is also known as the ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

The hip joint is also known as the ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition in which the bones of the hip joint grow abnormally and do not fit together properly. This leads to restricted hip movement and increased friction between the ball and socket of the hip joint resulting in damage to the joint.

FAI can be associated with labral tears, cartilage damage and hip arthritis. The condition is also known as hip impingement.

Hip Anatomy

The hip joint is the largest weight-bearing joint in the human body. It is also referred to as a ball and socket joint and is surrounded by muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

The hip joint is the largest weight-bearing joint in the human body. It is also referred to as a ball and socket joint and is surrounded by muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The thigh bone or femur and the pelvis join to form the hip joint.

Any injury or disease of the hip will adversely affect the joint's range of motion and ability to bear weight.

Labral Tears of the Hip

A hip labral tear is an injury to the labrum, the cartilage that surrounds the outside rim of your hip joint socket.

A hip labral tear is an injury to the labrum, the cartilage that surrounds the outside rim of your hip joint socket. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint in which the head of the femur is the ball and the pelvic acetabulum forms the socket. The labrum helps to deepen the socket and provide stability to the joint. It also acts as a cushion and enables smooth movements of the joint.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip disorder in adolescents causing slippage or separation of the femoral head (ball at the upper end of the femur bone)...

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip disorder in adolescents causing slippage or separation of the femoral head (ball at the upper end of the femur bone) from the weakened epiphyseal growth plate (growing end of the bone). This condition often develops during the rapid growth period after the onset of puberty, and may affect one or both legs at a time. The separation may be caused by an injury or other factors such as obesity and hormonal imbalances. SCFE commonly occurs in children between 11 and 15 years and boys are more likely to develop the condition than girls.

Hip Synovitis

Hip synovitis, also called transient hip synovitis or toxic synovitis is a condition in which there is inflammation of the synovial tissues surrounding...

Hip synovitis, also called transient hip synovitis or toxic synovitis is a condition in which there is inflammation of the synovial tissues surrounding the hip joint causing hip pain. It is the most common reason for sudden hip pain occurring in young children between the ages of 2 and 9. It affects boys more commonly than girls and most of the times, the hip joint on only one side is affected.

The symptoms of hip synovitis manifest over a period of 1 to 3 days and gradually resolve within the next few days. The most common symptom is pain around the hip or groin region. The child may limp while walking or may find it hard to walk. Sometimes, the child has a low-grade fever or complains of pain in the inner thigh or knee.

The exact cause of hip synovitis is unknown but some theories include a history of trauma to the hip or a recent viral infection such as an upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis or middle ear infection.

When you go for a consultation, your doctor will initially examine your child’s hip, knee and other joints and check whether there is pain while moving the joints passively. Your doctor may order diagnostic tests such as ultrasound imaging and blood tests to assess inflammatory markers. If the inflammatory markers are high, then your doctor may order a culture test of the fluid within the joint. To perform the culture test, joint fluid is collected by inserting a needle into the hip joint and aspirating the fluid then sending it to laboratory for evaluation.

The treatment for hip synovitis includes simple home remedies such as rest, application of heat and massage over the painful area. Anti-inflammatory medications will be prescribed to reduce the pain and other symptoms. Weight bearing on the affected side should be avoided until pain is resolved.

Hip pain caused by synovitis usually resolves within a span of a week or 10 days with no long term complications. Further evaluation of the condition should be sought if the symptoms persist or become worse.

Subtrochanteric Hip Fracture

A hip fracture is a break that occurs near the hip in the upper part of the femur or thigh bone. The thigh bone has two bony processes on the upper part...

A hip fracture is a break that occurs near the hip in the upper part of the femur or thigh bone. The thigh bone has two bony processes on the upper part - the greater and lesser trochanters. The lesser trochanter projects from the base of the femoral neck on the back of the thigh bone. Hip fractures can occur either due to a break in the femoral neck, in the area between the greater and lesser trochanter or below the lesser trochanter.

Hip Resurfacing

The hip joint is also known as a ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

The hip joint is also known as a ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

Damage to the hip bones can be treated by hip resurfacing, which is a surgical procedure in which the damaged parts of the femoral head are trimmed, and the socket is removed and replaced with metal caps.

Hip resurfacing is an alternative to total hip replacement surgery where both the ball and socket of the hip joint are completely removed and replaced with plastic, metal, or ceramic prosthetics.

Posterior Hip Replacement

Posterior hip replacement is a minimally invasive hip surgery performed to replace the hip joint.

Posterior hip replacement is a minimally invasive hip surgery performed to replace the hip joint. It is also referred to as muscle sparing surgery because no muscles are cut to access the hip joint, enabling a quicker return to normal activity.

The posterior approach is traditionally the most common approach used to perform total hip replacement.

In posterior hip replacement, the surgeon makes the hip incision at the back of the hip close to the buttocks. The incision is placed so the abductor muscles, the major walking muscles, are not cut.

Revision Hip Replacement

Total hip replacement surgery is an option to relieve severe arthritis pain that limits your daily activities.

Total hip replacement surgery is an option to relieve severe arthritis pain that limits your daily activities. During total hip replacement, the damaged cartilage and bone is removed from the hip joint and replaced with artificial components. At times, hip replacement implants can wear out for various reasons and may need to be replaced with the help of a surgical procedure known as revision hip replacement surgery.

Revision hip replacement is a complex surgical procedure in which all or part of a previously implanted hip-joint is replaced with a new artificial hip-joint.

Total Hip Replacement

The hip joint is one of the body's largest weight-bearing joints, located between the thigh bone (femur) and the pelvis (acetabulum).

The hip joint is one of the body's largest weight-bearing joints, located between the thigh bone (femur) and the pelvis (acetabulum). It is a ball and socket joint in which the head of the femur is the ball and the pelvic acetabulum forms the socket. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular cartilage which acts as a cushion and enables smooth movements of the joint.

A number of diseases and conditions can cause damage to the articular cartilage. Total hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which the damaged cartilage and bone is removed from the hip joint and replaced with artificial components.

Total hip replacement surgery is an option to relieve severe arthritis pain that limits your daily activities.

Gluteus Medius Tear

The gluteus medius is one of the major muscles of the hip and is essential for movement of the lower body and keeping the pelvis level during ambulation.

The gluteus medius is one of the major muscles of the hip and is essential for movement of the lower body and keeping the pelvis level during ambulation. The gluteus medius muscle arises from the top of the pelvic bone and attaches to the outer side of the thigh bone or femur at the greater trochanter by the gluteus medius tendon. The muscle functions as a hip abductor, controlling side to side movement of the hip and providing stabilization to the joint. Gluteus medius tears often occur at the tendonous attachment to the greater trochanter of the femur bone.

A gluteus medius tear is a condition characterized by severe strain on the gluteus medius muscle that results in partial or complete rupture of the muscle.

Hip Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy, also referred to as keyhole or minimally invasive surgery, is a procedure in which an arthroscope is inserted into a joint to check for...

Arthroscopy, also referred to as keyhole or minimally invasive surgery, is a procedure in which an arthroscope is inserted into a joint to check for any damage and repair it simultaneously.

An arthroscope is a small, fiber-optic instrument consisting of a lens, light source, and video camera. The camera projects an image of the inside of the joint onto a large screen monitor allowing the surgeon to look for any damage, assess the type of injury, and repair the problem.

Anterior Hip Replacement

Anterior hip replacement is a minimally invasive hip surgery performed to replace the hip joint without cutting through any muscles.

Anterior hip replacement is a minimally invasive hip surgery performed to replace the hip joint without cutting through any muscles. It is also referred to as muscle sparing surgery because no muscles are cut enabling a quicker return to normal activity.

Traditionally with total hip replacement, the surgeon makes the hip incision laterally, on the side of the hip, or posteriorly, at the back of the hip. Both approaches involve cutting major muscles to access the hip joint. With the anterior approach, the incision is made in front of the hip enabling the surgeon to access the joint without cutting though any muscles.

Chondral Injuries of Hip

The hip joint is one of the largest weight-bearing joints in the body, formed by the thigh bone or femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

The hip joint is one of the largest weight-bearing joints in the body, formed by the thigh bone or femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is a ball and socket joint with the head of the femur as the ball and the pelvic acetabulum forming the socket. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular cartilage which acts as a cushion and enables smooth movements of the joint. A chondral injury refers to an injury of the articular cartilage, covering the joint.

Pelvic Osteotomy

An osteotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and reshaping of a bone.

An osteotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and reshaping of a bone. Pelvic osteotomy involves reshaping a shallow hip socket so that it accommodates the ball of the hip joint (femoral head).

Pelvic osteotomy is indicated in various hip disorders such as developmental dysplasia of the hip involving acetabular dysplasia, subluxation and dislocation, avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis (Legg-Calve-Perthes-Disease), and neuromuscular hip instability.

A characteristic feature of hip dysplasia is increased stress at the edge of the steep, shallow acetabulum (hip socket) because of point loading. Pelvic osteotomy can reduce the load by enhancing the contact area between the femoral head and the acetabulum. It also helps to improve the femoral head coverage by correcting the defect in the acetabulum.

Pelvic osteotomies can be categorized into three main groups based on the surgical technique – redirectional, reshaping and salvage/augmentation osteotomies.

Hip Bursitis

Hip bursitis is a painful condition caused by inflammation of a bursa in the hip.

Hip bursitis is a painful condition caused by inflammation of a bursa in the hip. Bursae are fluid filled sacs present in joints between bone and soft tissue to reduce friction and provide cushioning during movement.

The bony prominence of the hip is called greater trochanter and is present on the outer side of the upper thigh bone or femur. The bursa overlying it is called trochanteric bursa. Another bursa is located towards the groin region and is called iliopsoas bursa. Bursitis of the trochanteric bursa is more common.than that of iliopsoas bursa.

Periacetabular Osteotomy

Periacetabular osteotomy is a surgical procedure to treat a congenital hip condition called hip dysplasia.

Periacetabular osteotomy is a surgical procedure to treat a congenital hip condition called hip dysplasia. This involves cutting the acetabulum from the pelvic bone and repositioning it with screws to allow for a better fit of the femoral head. The procedure reduces pain, restores function and prevents further deterioration of the hip joint, thereby increasing the life of the hip joint and postponing total hip replacement.

The surgery can be done for children over 10 years of age and adults, preferably less than 40 years of age.
Shin Splints

Shin splints is a painful condition caused by inflammation of the tendons and muscles of thetibia or shin bone.

Shin splints is a painful condition caused by inflammation of the tendons and muscles of thetibia or shin bone. This condition is medically referred to as medial tibial stress syndrome or MTSS. Shin splints are caused by vigorous physical activities such as exercise or sports and is common in distance runners, athletes, and dancers. Pain in the inner part of the tibia, the large bone in the lower leg, may be shin splints and should be assessed by a physician to avoid further complications.

Cartilage Grafting

Cartilage grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces damaged cartilage with healthy cartilage from a nonâ€weight bearing joint.

Cartilage grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces damaged cartilage with healthy cartilage from a nonâ€weight bearing joint. Cartilage grafting is performed to correct joint deformities and restore the weightâ€bearing capability of the affected joint.

Cartilage grafting is indicated in patients with articular cartilage damage in the knee to restore normal functioning of the joint.

Articular or hyaline cartilage is the tissue lining the surface of the two bones in the knee joint. Cartilage helps the bones move smoothly against each other and can withstand the pressure of activities such as running and jumping. Articular cartilage does not have a direct blood supply so it has less capacity to repair itself. Once the cartilage is torn it will not heal easily and can lead to degeneration of the articular surface, also called osteoarthritis.

The damage in articular cartilage can affect people of all ages. It can be damaged either by trauma such as accidents, mechanical injury such as a fall, or from degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) occurring in older people.

Patients with articular cartilage damage experience symptoms such as joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and a decrease in range of motion of the knee.

Minimally Invasive Knee Joint Replacement

Total knee replacement is a very successful surgical treatment for knee arthritis. Over the years, minimally invasive surgical techniques...

Total knee replacement is a very successful surgical treatment for knee arthritis. Over the years, minimally invasive surgical techniques have been developed to lessen tissue trauma and improve patient outcomes. This minimally invasive approach involves much smaller incisions than the usual 10-12 inch incisions used in traditional knee replacement and spares the quadriceps muscle and tendon, which control bending of the knee, from being cut to access the knee joint.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Patellofemoral pain syndrome, also referred to as PFPS, is one of the most commonly reported knee problems, accounting for one in four knee complaints seen by Orthopaedists.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome, also referred to as PFPS, is one of the most commonly reported knee problems, accounting for one in four knee complaints seen by Orthopaedists. To learn more about patellofemoral pain syndrome, let us first learn about normal knee anatomy and function.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), one of four major ligaments of the knee, is situated at the back of the knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), one of four major ligaments of the knee, is situated at the back of the knee. It connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The PCL limits the backward movement of the shinbone.

PCL injuries are very rare and difficult to detect when compared to other knee ligament injuries.

The posterior cruciate ligament is usually injured by a direct impact, such as a motor vehicle accident when the knee forcefully strikes against the dashboard or during sports participation when a twisting injury or overextension of the knee can also cause PCL injury.

Injuries to the PCL are graded based on the severity of injury.

In grade I the ligament is mildly damaged and slightly stretched, but the knee joint is stable.

In grade II there is a partial tear of the ligament.

In grade III there is a complete tear of the ligament and the ligament is divided into two halves making the knee joint unstable.

Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia...

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and is present on the inside of the knee joint. This ligament helps stabilize the knee. An injury to the MCL may occur as a result of direct impact to the knee. An MCL injury can result in a minor stretch (sprain) or a partial or complete tear of the ligament. The most common symptoms following an MCL injury include pain, swelling, and joint instability.

ACL Reconstruction Hamstring Method

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize your knee joint.

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize your knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament prevents excessive forward movement of the lower leg bone (the tibia) in relation to the thigh bone (the femur) as well as limits rotational movements of the knee.

A tear of this ligament can make you feel as though your knees will not allow you to move or even hold you up.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction hamstring method is a surgical procedure that replaces the injured ACL with a hamstring tendon.

Fractures of the Patella

The patella or kneecap is a small bone present in the front of your knee where the thighbone meets the shinbone.

The patella or kneecap is a small bone present in the front of your knee where the thighbone meets the shinbone. It provides protection to your knee and attachment to muscles in the front of the thigh. An injury to the knee can result in a break or fracture of the patella. The patella may break into two pieces or several pieces depending on the nature of the injury. Any part of the patella may be involved.

Knee Anatomy

The knee is a complex joint made up of different structures including bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles.

The knee is a complex joint made up of different structures including bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles. They all work together to maintain normal function and provide stability to the knee during movement.

Having a well-functioning healthy knee is essential for our mobility and ability to participate in various activities. Understanding the anatomy of the knee enhances your ability to discuss and choose the right treatment procedure for knee problems with your doctor.

Total Knee Replacement

The knee is made up of the femur (thigh bone), the tibia (shin bone), and patella (kneecap).

The knee is made up of the femur (thigh bone), the tibia (shin bone), and patella (kneecap). The meniscus, the soft cartilage between the femur and tibia, serves as a cushion and helps absorb shock during motion. Arthritis (inflammation of the joints), injury, or other diseases of the joint can damage this protective layer of cartilage, causing extreme pain and difficulty in performing daily activities. Your doctor may recommend surgery if non-surgical treatment options have failed to relieve the symptoms.

Total knee replacement, also called total knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which the worn out or damaged surfaces of the knee joint are removed and replaced with artificial parts.

Knee Arthroscopy

Knee Arthroscopy is a common surgical procedure performed using an arthroscope, a viewing instrument, to look into the knee joint to diagnose or treat a knee problem.

Knee Arthroscopy is a common surgical procedure performed using an arthroscope, a viewing instrument, to look into the knee joint to diagnose or treat a knee problem. It is a relatively safe procedure and a majority of the patient’s discharge from the hospital on the same day of surgery.

Meniscal Tears

The meniscus is a small, "C" shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint. Each knee has two menisci, the medial meniscus on the inner aspect...

The meniscus is a small, "C" shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint. Each knee has two menisci, the medial meniscus on the inner aspect of the knee and the lateral meniscus on the outer aspect of the knee. The medial and lateral menisci act as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia).

Meniscal tears are one of the most common injuries to the knee joint. They can occur at any age, but are more common in athletes playing contact sports.

ACL Reconstruction Patellar Tendon

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize the knee joint.

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize the knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament prevents excessive forward movement of the lower leg bone (tibia) in relation to the thigh bone (femur) as well as limits rotational movements of the knee.

A tear of this ligament can make you feel as though your knees will not allow you to move or even hold you up.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction patellar tendon is a surgical procedure that replaces the injured ACL with a patellar tendon.

Intra-articular Knee Injections

Knee pain and stiffness can be disabling and difficult to treat. It can limit an individual’s lifestyle and negatively impact body image and emotional well-being.

Knee pain and stiffness can be disabling and difficult to treat. It can limit an individual’s lifestyle and negatively impact body image and emotional well-being.

An intra-articular knee injection is a very effective form of treatment where medicine is delivered directly into the knee joint with the primary objective of relieving pain from conditions such as arthritis.

Intra-articular knee injections are usually recommended when pain has not responded to traditional conservative treatments such as anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, activity modification, or ice therapy.

Knee Rehabilitation

Knee Rehabilitation is an exercise conditioning program to help you return to an active lifestyle following surgery or an injury to the knee joint.

Knee Rehabilitation is an exercise conditioning program to help you return to an active lifestyle following surgery or an injury to the knee joint. As the strength and movement of your knee improves, you should gradually be able to participate in more strenuous activities such as sports. These exercises are typically performed for 4-6 weeks or as advised by your doctor.

Uni Knee Replacement

The knee can be divided into three compartments: patellofemoral, the compartment in front of the knee between the knee cap...

The knee can be divided into three compartments: patellofemoral, the compartment in front of the knee between the knee cap and thigh bone, medial compartment, on the inside portion of the knee, and lateral compartment which is the area on the outside portion of the knee joint.

Traditionally, total knee replacement was commonly indicated for severe osteoarthritis of the knee. In total knee replacement, all worn out or damaged surfaces of the knee joint are removed and replaced with new artificial parts. Partial knee replacement is a surgical option if your arthritis is confined to a single compartment of your knee.

Unicompartmental knee replacement is a minimally invasive surgery in which only the damaged compartment of the knee is replaced with an implant. It is also called a partial knee replacement.

Patellofemoral Instability

The knee can be divided into three compartments: patellofemoral, medial and lateral compartment.

The knee can be divided into three compartments: patellofemoral, medial and lateral compartment. The patellofemoral compartment is the compartment in the front of the knee between the knee cap and thigh bone. The medial compartment is the area on the inside portion of the knee, and the lateral compartment is the area on the outside portion of the knee joint. Patellofemoral instability means that the patella (kneecap) moves out of its normal pattern of alignment. This malalignment can damage the underlying soft structures such as muscles and ligaments that hold the knee in place.

Meniscal Transplantation

The meniscus is a C-shaped cartilage ring that acts like a cushion between the shinbone and the thighbone.

The meniscus is a C-shaped cartilage ring that acts like a cushion between the shinbone and the thighbone. Each of your knees has two menisci - one on the inside (medial aspect) and the other on the outside or (lateral aspect) of your knee. Apart from the cushioning effect, the menisci also provide stability to the knee.

A meniscal tear is a common knee injury that usually occurs secondary to trauma and is common in athletes. A meniscal tear may also occur in the elderly due to degenerative changes in the knee. A damaged meniscus predisposes you to persistent pain, swelling, and arthritis.

Treatment of a meniscal tear depends on its type, severity, and location of the tear. Non surgical options for the treatment of meniscal tears may include ice application, rest, elastic bandage, elevation, and physical therapy. However, a badly damaged meniscus may have to be removed. Knee replacement may be an option to consider in older individuals. However, meniscal transplantation can be an alternative option in younger patients.

High Tibial Osteotomy

High tibial osteotomy is a surgical procedure to relieve pressure on the damaged site of an arthritic knee joint.

High tibial osteotomy is a surgical procedure to relieve pressure on the damaged site of an arthritic knee joint. In high tibial osteotomy, a triangular wedge of bone is cut at the upper end of the tibia and either removed or filled with bone graft depending on the patient’s needs. It is commonly used to relieve pain when non-operative treatments have failed.

High tibial osteotomy is commonly recommended for patients under 55 years of age with a mobile knee. It has proven beneficial for the young and also middle aged patients who want to delay surgery for total knee replacement.

Knee Pain

Knee pain is a common condition affecting individuals of various age groups. It not only affects movement, but also impacts quality of life.

Knee pain is a common condition affecting individuals of various age groups. It not only affects movement, but also impacts quality of life.
Shoulder Pain

Shoulder pain is a common orthopedic condition with pain ranging from mild to unbearable. You may experience pain with movement of the shoulder or at rest.

Shoulder pain is a common orthopedic condition with pain ranging from mild to unbearable. You may experience pain with movement of the shoulder or at rest.

Reverse Total Shoulder Replacement

Reverse total shoulder replacement, is an advanced surgical technique specifically designed for rotator cuff tear arthropathy...

Reverse total shoulder replacement, is an advanced surgical technique specifically designed for rotator cuff tear arthropathy, a condition where the patient suffers from both shoulder arthritis and a rotator cuff tear.

In reverse total shoulder replacement, the placement of the artificial components is essentially reversed. In other words, the humeral ball is placed in the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade (scapula) and the plastic socket is placed on top of the arm bone. This design makes efficient use of the deltoid muscle, the large shoulder muscle, in order to compensate for the torn rotator cuff.

Arthroscopic Sub-acromial Decompression Surgery

A subacromial decompression is a surgery performed to treat shoulder impingement, one of the most common causes of shoulder pain.

A subacromial decompression is a surgery performed to treat shoulder impingement, one of the most common causes of shoulder pain. Shoulder impingement is the painful rubbing of the bones and the tendons of the shoulder against each other when the arm is raised. The procedure is performed under local or general anesthesia to create more room for the rotator cuff tendons.

Shoulder Labrum Reconstruction

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint. A 'ball' at the top of the upper arm bone (the humerus) fits neatly into a 'socket', called the glenoid...

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint. A 'ball' at the top of the upper arm bone (the humerus) fits neatly into a 'socket', called the glenoid, which is part of the shoulder blade (scapula). The labrum is a ring of fibrous cartilage surrounding the glenoid which helps in stabilizing the shoulder joint. The biceps tendon is attached inside the shoulder joint at the superior labrum of the joint. The biceps tendon is a long cord-like structure which attaches the biceps muscle to the shoulder and helps to stabilize the joint.

Arthroscopic Biologic Total Shoulder Resurfacing

The hip joint is also known as the ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

The hip joint is also known as the ball and socket joint, where the ball (femoral head) of the thigh bone fits into the socket (acetabulum) of the pelvis bone.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition in which the bones of the hip joint grow abnormally and do not fit together properly. This leads to restricted hip movement and increased friction between the ball and socket of the hip joint resulting in damage to the joint.

FAI can be associated with labral tears, cartilage damage and hip arthritis. The condition is also known as hip impingement.

Scapula Fracture

The shoulder is made up of the clavicle (collar bone), humerus (upper arm) and scapula (shoulder blade).

The shoulder is made up of the clavicle (collar bone), humerus (upper arm) and scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder is a ball and socket joint where the ball of the upper arm bone articulates with the socket of the shoulder blade called the glenoid cavity. The shoulder blade is a flat triangular bone present on either side of the upper back. It articulates with the other two bones at the glenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joint to provide stability and mobility to the arm. Scapula fracture refers to a fracture of the shoulder blade.

Rotator Cuff Tear

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of the scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collarbone), and humerus (upper arm bone).

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of the scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collarbone), and humerus (upper arm bone). The scapula forms the socket while the head of the humerus forms the ball, enabling full range of motion for the arm. A group of four tendons and muscles called the rotator cuff maintain stability of the shoulder joint, preventing the humerus from sliding out of the socket bone (dislocation). The rotator cuff attaches the humerus to the shoulder blade and helps to lift and rotate your arm.

Rotator cuff tears can occur suddenly or gradually. When the rotator cuff is torn, pain, weakness and altered range of motion can result.

Shoulder Impingement

Shoulder impingement is the inflammation of the tendons of the shoulder joint. It is one of the most common causes of pain in the shoulder.

Shoulder impingement is the inflammation of the tendons of the shoulder joint. It is one of the most common causes of pain in the shoulder.

Mid Humeral Fracture

The upper arm is made up of the humerus bone. The head of the humerus fits into a shallow socket in your scapula (shoulder blade) to form the shoulder joint.

The upper arm is made up of the humerus bone. The head of the humerus fits into a shallow socket in your scapula (shoulder blade) to form the shoulder joint. The humerus narrows down into a cylindrical shaft and joins at its base with the bones of the lower arm to form the elbow joint.

Fractures can occur at any site of the humeral bone. Mid humeral fractures are fractures that occur in between the shoulder joint and elbow. They are classified into Type A, B or C fractures. Type A fractures are simple fractures where the bone is not shattered. Type B fractures are fractures when the broken bone forms a wedge, and type C fractures are where the bone is shattered into many pieces.

Frozen Shoulder

Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is a condition in which you experience pain and stiffness in your shoulder.

Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is a condition in which you experience pain and stiffness in your shoulder.

Shoulder Instability

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint where the ball is formed by the head of the upper arm bone or humerus and the socket is formed by a shallow cavity...

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint where the ball is formed by the head of the upper arm bone or humerus and the socket is formed by a shallow cavity in the shoulder blade called the glenoid. The glenoid is surrounded by a raised ridge of fibrous cartilage called the labrum which provides some depth to the socket increasing the stability of the joint. Some people are born with a loose shoulder capsule making them prone to shoulder instability. The shoulder capsule may also loosen due to repetitive overhead activities including sports such as tennis and swimming. Severe injury or trauma to the shoulder may lead to dislocation and injury to the labrum.

Arthroscopic Bankart Repair

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and socket joint, where the head of the upper arm bone (humerus) attaches to the shoulder socket (glenoid cavity).

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and socket joint, where the head of the upper arm bone (humerus) attaches to the shoulder socket (glenoid cavity). The labrum, a cuff of cartilage that encircles the shoulder socket, helps serve this purpose by forming a cup for the humeral head to move within. The labrum can sometimes tear during a shoulder injury. A specific type of labral tear that occurs when the shoulder dislocates is called a Bankart tear. Bankart repair surgery is indicated when conservative treatment measures do not improve the condition and repeated shoulder joint dislocations occur.

Latarjet Procedure

The shoulder joint provides a wide range of movement to the upper extremity, but injuries or repeated dislocations can cause instability to the joint.

The shoulder joint provides a wide range of movement to the upper extremity, but injuries or repeated dislocations can cause instability to the joint. The Latarjet procedure is a surgical procedure performed to treat shoulder instability by relocating a piece of bone with an attached tendon to the shoulder joint.

Minimally Invasive Shoulder Joint Replacement

Shoulder joint replacement is a surgical procedure to replace damaged bone surfaces with artificial components to relieve pain and improve functional ability in the shoulder joint.

Shoulder joint replacement is a surgical procedure to replace damaged bone surfaces with artificial components to relieve pain and improve functional ability in the shoulder joint. Shoulder joint replacement can be done by a traditional "open" approach or through a minimally invasive approach. The incision in minimally invasive shoulder joint replacement is about 5 cm compared to 17 cm with the traditional approach. Other benefits of minimally invasive surgery include less damage to the soft tissues and underlying muscles enabling a faster recovery with less pain and a smaller scar. Blood loss during the surgery is also less and complications after the surgery are fewer when compared to the open technique.

When conservative measures such as medications, injections, physical therapy and activity changes do not help relieve pain from conditions such as arthritis, avascular necrosis and humeral head fractures, then shoulder joint replacement is considered as a treatment option.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical procedure performed for joint problems.

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical procedure performed for joint problems. Shoulder arthroscopy is performed using a pencil-sized instrument called an arthroscope. The arthroscope consists of a light system and camera to project images to a computer screen for your surgeon to view the surgical site. Arthroscopy is used to treat disease conditions and injuries involving the bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and muscles of the shoulder joint.

Shoulder Anatomy

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of three bones, namely the humerus, scapula, and clavicle.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of three bones, namely the humerus, scapula, and clavicle.

The end of the humerus or upper arm bone forms the ball of the shoulder joint. An irregular shallow cavity in the scapula called the glenoid cavity forms the socket for the head of the humerus to fit in. The two bones together form the glenohumeral joint, which is the main joint of the shoulder.

Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a minimally invasive surgery to repair an injured or torn rotator cuff using an arthroscope.

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a minimally invasive surgery to repair an injured or torn rotator cuff using an arthroscope. An arthroscope is a small, fiberoptic instrument consisting of a lens, light source, and camera at its end. The camera projects images of the inside of the shoulder joint onto a large monitor, allowing your surgeon to look for any damage, assess the type of injury, and perform the repair.

The rotator cuff is a group of tendons in the shoulder joint providing support and enabling a wide range of motion. A major injury to any of these tendons may result in a tear. This can occur with repeated overhead use of the arm while playing sports or due to age-related wear and tear. A rotator cuff tear is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain in middle-aged adults and older individuals, and results in weakness of the arm and restricted range of motion.

Clavicle Fracture

The shoulder is considered one of the largest joints in the body, formed by the articulation of the shoulder blade (scapula) and bone of the upper arm (humerus).

The shoulder is considered one of the largest joints in the body, formed by the articulation of the shoulder blade (scapula) and bone of the upper arm (humerus). The clavicle or collarbone is a prominent bone that attaches to the scapula and ribcage, providing support to the shoulder joint and protecting important nerves that run behind it.

The clavicle usually fractures with high-energy traumatic impact such as a car collision, or during a fall onto the shoulder or an outstretched arm. Clavicle fractures commonly occur in the middle of the bone and occasionally where it attaches to the shoulder blade or ribcage.

Clavicle fracture is very painful and makes it difficult to move your arm. Clavicle fracture repair surgery uses plates and screws to fix severe clavicle fractures.

Intraarticular Shoulder Injections

An intraarticular shoulder injection is a minimally invasive procedure to treat pain and improve shoulder movement.

An intraarticular shoulder injection is a minimally invasive procedure to treat pain and improve shoulder movement.

Shoulder Rehabilitation

Shoulder Rehabilitation is an exercise conditioning program to help you return to an active lifestyle following surgery or an injury to the shoulder joint.

Shoulder Rehabilitation is an exercise conditioning program to help you return to an active lifestyle following surgery or an injury to the shoulder joint. These exercises target the deltoid muscles that cover the shoulder, the rotator cuff muscles consisting of the teres, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, that support and stabilize the shoulder joint, the trapezius and rhomboid muscles in the back and the biceps and triceps in the upper arm.

SLAP Repair

Your shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint made up of the upper arm bone, the shoulder blade and the collarbone.

Your shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint made up of the upper arm bone, the shoulder blade and the collarbone. The head of the upper arm bone fits into the socket of the shoulder joint known as the glenoid cavity. The outer edge of the glenoid is surrounded by a strong fibrous tissue called the labrum.

A superior labrum anterior and posterior tear or SLAP tear is an injury to the labrum. This injury may also involve the biceps tendon, which is attached to the top part of the labrum. The injury occurs from repeated use of the shoulder while throwing or a fall onto the shoulder. A SLAP tear can be treated through an arthroscopic surgical procedure called a SLAP repair.

Superior Capsule Reconstruction

Superior capsular reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed to restore shoulder stability in irreparable rotator cuff tears.

Superior capsular reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed to restore shoulder stability in irreparable rotator cuff tears.

The shoulder joint is stabilized by the joint capsule and rotator cuff. Tears to the rotator cuff can cause severe pain and impairment. When defects in the underlying upper joint capsule add to the instability caused by rotator cuff tears, it cannot be repaired with conventional treatments.

Rotator Cuff Bursitis

The shoulder is a complex joint where several bones, muscles, and ligaments connect the upper extremity to the chest.

The shoulder is a complex joint where several bones, muscles, and ligaments connect the upper extremity to the chest. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that attach to the bones of the shoulder joint providing movement and stability to the shoulder. Inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons is called rotator cuff tendonitis or shoulder impingement and inflammation of the bursa that surrounds these tendons is called rotator cuff bursitis or shoulder bursitis. The inflammation leads to thickening of the tendons and bursa causing space reduction that may squeeze or compress the rotator cuff muscle between the acromion process of the shoulder blade and the humeral head of the arm. This compression results in pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth and redness in the shoulder. The combined condition of tendonitis and bursitis is called impingement syndrome and is more intense and severe than shoulder impingement.

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fracture

The humerus is the upper arm bone. A fracture of the proximal humerus, the region closest to the shoulder joint, can affect your work and activities of daily living.

The humerus is the upper arm bone. A fracture of the proximal humerus, the region closest to the shoulder joint, can affect your work and activities of daily living. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a surgical technique employed in severe proximal humerus fractures to restore normal anatomy and improve range of motion and function.

Biceps Tendon Rupture

The biceps muscle is present on the front side of your upper arm and functions to help you bend and rotate your arm.

The biceps muscle is present on the front side of your upper arm and functions to help you bend and rotate your arm.

The biceps tendon is a tough band of connective fibrous tissue that attaches your biceps muscle to the bones in your shoulder on one side and the elbow on the other side.

Overuse and injury leads to fraying of the biceps tendon and eventual rupture.

Shoulder Joint Replacement

The shoulder is a highly movable body joint that allows various movements of the arm. It is a ball-and-socket joint, where the head of the humerus (upper arm bone)...

The shoulder is a highly movable body joint that allows various movements of the arm. It is a ball-and-socket joint, where the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) articulates with the socket of the scapula (shoulder blade) called the glenoid. The two articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with cartilage, which prevents friction between the moving bones. The cartilage is lubricated by synovial fluid. Tendons and ligaments around the shoulder joint provide strength and stability to the joint.

When the cartilage is damaged, the two bones rub against each other resulting in pain, swelling and stiffness of the joint (osteoarthritis).

Total shoulder replacement surgery is performed to relieve these symptoms. In this surgery, the damaged articulating parts of the shoulder joint are removed and replaced with artificial prostheses. Replacement of both the humeral head and the socket is called a total shoulder replacement.

Suprascapular Nerve Block

A suprascapular nerve block is a procedure to inject an anesthetic or a numbing medication along with an antiinflammatory in the region of the suprascapular nerve...

A suprascapular nerve block is a procedure to inject an anesthetic or a numbing medication along with an antiinflammatory in the region of the suprascapular nerve to stop the transmission of pain signals.
Bunion Surgery

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is bony prominence at the base of the big toe, which often results in pain, redness and rubbing in footwear.

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is bony prominence at the base of the big toe, which often results in pain, redness and rubbing in footwear. The 1st metatarsal bone abnormally angles outward towards the other foot from its joint in the midfoot. A bunion can change the shape of your foot, make it difficult for you to find shoes that fit correctly and worsen the symptoms if left untreated.

Ankle Arthroscopy

Ankle arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an arthroscope, a small, soft, flexible tube with a light and video camera at the end...

Ankle arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an arthroscope, a small, soft, flexible tube with a light and video camera at the end, is inserted into the ankle joint to evaluate and treat a variety of conditions.

The camera projects an image of the inside of the joint onto a large screen monitor allowing the surgeon to look for any damage, assess the type of injury, and repair the problem.

Foot Fracture

The foot has 26 bones, and can be divided into 3 parts:

The foot has 26 bones, and can be divided into 3 parts:

The Hindfoot is comprised of two bones, the talus bone which connects to the bones of the lower leg, and the calcaneus bone which forms the heel.

The Midfoot is comprised of the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones.

The forefoot is made up of five metatarsal bones and 14 toe bones called phalanges.

The hindfoot is separated from the midfoot by the mediotarsal joint and the midfoot is separated from the forefoot by the Lisfranc joint.

Muscles, tendons, and ligaments support the bones and joints of the feet enabling them to withstand the entire body’s weight while walking, running, and jumping. Despite this, trauma and stress can cause fractures in the foot. Extreme force is required to fracture the bones in the hindfoot. The most common type of foot fracture is a stress fracture, which occurs when repeated activities produce small cracks in the bones.

Common Toe Deformities

Anatomically the foot is divided into the forefoot, mid foot and hind foot. The forefoot consists of your toe bones, called phalanges, and metatarsal bones...

Anatomically the foot is divided into the forefoot, mid foot and hind foot. The forefoot consists of your toe bones, called phalanges, and metatarsal bones, the long bones in your feet. Each toe has 3 phalange bones and 2 joints, while the big toe contains two phalange bones, two joints, and two tiny, round sesamoid bones that enable the toe to move up and down. The mid foot and hind foot have different structures, which are responsible for bearing body weight and performing activities such as walking and running.

Toe deformities are common problems that occur due to abnormal positioning of the foot bones, inadequate biomechanics, and diseases such as arthritis affecting bones and tissues of the foot. Toe deformities not only affect the alignment of the bones, joints and tissues in the foot, but may also affect alignment of the weight bearing joints such as the hips or knees resulting in further problems. The most common toe deformities are hammertoes, claw toes, and mallet toes.

Ankle Fracture

The ankle joint is composed of three bones: the tibia, fibula, and talus which are articulated together.

The ankle joint is composed of three bones: the tibia, fibula, and talus which are articulated together. The ends of the fibula and tibia (lower leg bones) form the inner and outer malleolus, which are the bony protrusions of the ankle joint that you can feel and see on either side of the ankle. The joint is protected by a fibrous membrane called a joint capsule, and filled with synovial fluid to enable smooth movement.

Ankle injuries are very common in athletes and in people performing physical work, often resulting in severe pain and impaired mobility. Pain after ankle injuries can either be from a torn ligament and is called ankle sprain or from a broken bone which is called ankle fracture. Ankle fracture is a painful condition where there is a break in one or more bones forming the ankle joint. The ankle joint is stabilized by different ligaments and other soft tissues, which may also be injured during an ankle fracture.

Achilles Tendon Tear Repair

Tendons are soft tissues connecting muscles to bone. The achilles tendon is the longest tendon in the body and is present behind the ankle, joining the calf muscles...

Tendons are soft tissues connecting muscles to bone. The achilles tendon is the longest tendon in the body and is present behind the ankle, joining the calf muscles with the heel bone. Contraction of the calf muscle tightens the achilles tendon and pulls the heel, enabling foot and toe movements necessary for walking, running and jumping.

The achilles tendon is often injured during sports resulting in swelling and pain, a condition called tendonitis. In some cases, severe injury results in a tear or rupture of the Achilles tendon requiring immediate medical attention.

The tear or rupture of the Achilles tendon is commonly seen in middle aged male weekend athletes with weak tendons due to advanced age and from sudden bursts of activity during sports such as tennis, badminton, and basketball.

Plantar Fasciitis

The plantar fascia is a long, thin ligament present along the bottom of the foot that creates the arch of the foot.

The plantar fascia is a long, thin ligament present along the bottom of the foot that creates the arch of the foot. It extends from the heel bone, and then splits and fans out to attach itself to the toes.

Plantar fasciitis is a condition where the plantar fascia becomes inflamed from overstretching or overuse, causing pain in the heel and bottom of the foot. It can occur in one or both feet due to excessive standing and is one of the most common orthopedic complaints, especially in active men between 40 and 70 years of age.

Ankle Sprain

The ankle is composed of bones forming a joint and ligaments are the elastic structures which are responsible for holding these bones in their proper place.

The ankle is composed of bones forming a joint and ligaments are the elastic structures which are responsible for holding these bones in their proper place. Ligaments and other soft tissues function to prevent abnormal movement such as twisting, turning, and rolling of the foot beyond the normal range.

Ankle Sprains are a common injury that occur from over stretching or tearing of the ligaments that support the ankle.

Severs Disease

Sever’s disease is a painful inflammation of the growth plate in the heel. Growth plates are areas at the end of children’s bones that undergo changes so bone growth can occur.

Sever’s disease is a painful inflammation of the growth plate in the heel. Growth plates are areas at the end of children’s bones that undergo changes so bone growth can occur. During this time, the muscles and tendons may not grow as fast as the bone causing tightness and pressure at the back of the heel.

With proper treatment, Sever’s disease usually resolves within 2 months with no long-term effects on the child.

Sever’s disease, also called calcaneal apophysitis, is a condition causing swelling and pain at the back of the heel that affects growing adolescents.

The inflammation occurs at the point where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneus bone, the large bone that makes up the heel of the foot.

Severs disease is a common cause of heel pain in physically active children in the early part of puberty, usually between ages 9-14.

Foot and Ankle Anatomy

The foot and ankle is a complex joint involved in movement and providing stability and balance to the body.

The foot and ankle is a complex joint involved in movement and providing stability and balance to the body. The foot and ankle consists of 26 bones, 33 joints, and many muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Elbow Anatomy

The elbow is a complex joint formed by the articulation of three bones – the humerus, radius and ulna. The elbow joint helps

The elbow is a complex joint formed by the articulation of three bones – the humerus, radius and ulna. The elbow joint helps in bending or straightening of the arm to 180 degrees and assists in lifting or moving objects.

Golfer Elbow

Golfer’s elbow, also called Medial Epicondylitis, is a painful condition that occurs due to repeated muscle contractions in the forearm

Golfer’s elbow, also called Medial Epicondylitis, is a painful condition that occurs due to repeated muscle contractions in the forearm causing inflammation and micro-tears in the tendons that attach to the medial epicondyle. The medial epicondyle is the bony prominence that is felt on the inside of the elbow.

Golfer’s elbow and Tennis Elbow are similar except that Golfer’s elbow occurs on the inside of the elbow and Tennis Elbow occurs on the outside of the elbow. Both conditions are a type of Tendonitis which literally means “inflammation of the tendons”.

Elbow Contracture

Elbow contracture refers to a stiff elbow with limited range of motion. It is a common complication following elbow surgery, fractures, dislocations, and burns.

Elbow contracture refers to a stiff elbow with limited range of motion. It is a common complication following elbow surgery, fractures, dislocations, and burns.

The normal functional range of motion for an elbow is 30-145 degrees. A stiff or contracted elbow may be diagnosed when the ability to extend or flex the arm is lessened by 30 degrees or more. Flexion contractures greater than 45 degrees will significantly affect the patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living such as bathing and eating.

Tennis Elbow

Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition characterized by elbow pain due to overuse or overstretching of the elbow.

Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition characterized by elbow pain due to overuse or overstretching of the elbow. The pain is caused from damage to the tendons that join the forearm muscles to the elbow. Repetitive movement of the elbow causes inflammation of the muscles and tendons that are inserted to the lateral epicondyle (one of the bony protrusions found at the lower end of the arm bone or humerus).

You don’t have to be a tennis player to get tennis elbow, as repeated use of the forearm and elbow for many other occupational activities such as painting, typing, and weaving can also result in lateral epicondylitis.

The most commonly involved tendon in lateral epicondylitis is the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis or ECRB.

Elbow Fracture

The elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones- humerus, radius, and ulna.

The elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones- humerus, radius, and ulna. The upper arm bone or humerus connects the shoulder to the elbow forming the upper portion of the hinge joint. The lower arm consists of two bones- the radius and the ulna. These bones connect the wrist to the elbow forming the lower portion of the hinge joint. A joint capsule surrounds the elbow joint which contains lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition characterized by compression of the ulnar nerve in an area of the elbow called the cubital tunnel.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition characterized by compression of the ulnar nerve in an area of the elbow called the cubital tunnel.

The ulnar nerve travels down the back of the elbow behind the bony bump called the medial epicondyle, and through a passageway called the cubital tunnel. The cubital tunnel is a narrow passageway on the inside of the elbow formed by bone, muscle, and ligaments with the ulnar nerve passing through its center. The roof of the cubital tunnel is covered with a soft tissue called fascia.

When the elbow is bent, the ulnar nerve can stretch and catch on the bony bump. When the ulnar nerve is compressed or entrapped, the nerve can tear leading to a variety of symptoms, called cubital tunnel syndrome.

Elbow Pain

Elbow pain is a common condition that can have various causes. The pain can range from a burning sensation to a sharp pain.

Elbow pain is a common condition that can have various causes. The pain can range from a burning sensation to a sharp pain.

UCL Reconstruction

The UCL, also called medial collateral ligament, is located on the inside of the elbow and connects the ulna bone to the humerus bone.

The UCL, also called medial collateral ligament, is located on the inside of the elbow and connects the ulna bone to the humerus bone. It is one of the main stabilizing ligaments in the elbow especially with overhead activities such as throwing and pitching. When this ligament is injured, it can end a professional athlete’s career unless surgery is performed.

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) Reconstruction surgery involves replacing a torn ulnar collateral ligament with a tendon from elsewhere in the body. It is also referred to as Tommy John Surgery.

Elbow Sprain

The Elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones - humerus, radius and ulna.

The Elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones - humerus, radius and ulna. The upper arm bone or humerus connects the shoulder to the elbow forming the upper portion of the hinge joint. The lower arm consists of two bones, the radius and the ulna. These bones connect the wrist to the elbow to form the lower portion of the hinge joint. A joint capsule surrounds the elbow joint which contains lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.

Elbow Arthroscopy

The Elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones - humerus, radius and ulna. The upper arm bone

The Elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the articulation of three bones - humerus, radius and ulna. The upper arm bone or humerus connects the shoulder to the elbow forming the upper portion of the hinge joint. The lower arm consists of two bones, the radius and the ulna. These bones connect the wrist to the elbow forming the lower portion of the hinge joint.

Elbow Joint Replacement

Elbow Joint Replacement, also referred to as Total Elbow Arthroplasty is an operative procedure to treat the symptoms of arthritis

Elbow Joint Replacement, also referred to as Total Elbow Arthroplasty is an operative procedure to treat the symptoms of arthritis that have not responded to non-surgical treatments.

Elbow joint replacement surgery may be recommended by your surgeon for the treatment of severe arthritis that has not responded to conservative treatment options such as medications or steroid injections.
Finger Joint Fusion

The hands are made up of 27 bones, which are grouped into carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. Each bone is separated by the articular cartilage...

The hands are made up of 27 bones, which are grouped into carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. Each bone is separated by the articular cartilage, which helps provide smooth gliding movements of the fingers. Arthritis develops when the cartilage wears-out, resulting in pain, stiffness and inflammation in the joints. Arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but the most commonly affected joints are the small joints of the fingers.

Finger joint fusion is a surgical procedure to remove the damaged bony ends of a finger joint followed by insertion of a prosthesis to fuse the bones back together. Finger joint fusion is performed to relieve arthritis pain in the fingers.

Trigger Finger

The ability to bend the fingers is governed by supportive tendons that connect muscles to the bones of the fingers.

The ability to bend the fingers is governed by supportive tendons that connect muscles to the bones of the fingers. The tendons run along the length of the bone and are kept in place at intervals by tunnels of ligaments called pulleys. When the fingers bend or are straightened, a slippery coating called tenosynovium helps the tendons smoothly glide through the ligaments with reduced friction. Inflammation in the tenosynovium leads to a condition called trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis or flexor tendonitis, where one of the fingers or thumb of the hand is caught in a bent position.

Open Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passage on the palm side of your wrist. Small wrist bones known as carpals form the bottom and sides of your carpal tunnel...

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passage on the palm side of your wrist. Small wrist bones known as carpals form the bottom and sides of your carpal tunnel and a strong band of connecting tissue, known as the transverse carpal ligament, covers the top of the carpal tunnel.

The carpal tunnel houses the flexor tendons, that allow you to bend your fingers, and the median nerve that provides sensation to most of your fingers and hand.

Metacarpal Fractures

Metacarpal fracture is a condition characterized by the breakage or dislocation of the long hand bones called metacarpals that form the skeleton of the palm.

Metacarpal fracture is a condition characterized by the breakage or dislocation of the long hand bones called metacarpals that form the skeleton of the palm. Metacarpal fractures can damage associated soft tissues such as cartilage, ligament, tendons, joint capsule, as well as adjoining nerves.

The hand is composed of 3 types of bones – carpals or wrist bones, metacarpals or long hand bones, and phalanges or finger bones. Metacarpals consist of five long bones that connect the carpals with the phalanges. Structurally, metacarpal bones can be divided into four parts- base, shaft, neck, and head.

Metacarpal fractures need immediate treatment that include proper alignment and casting of the bones to ensure proper healing. In severe cases surgery may be recommended.

Total Wrist Arthrodesis

The wrist joint is one of the most complex joints in the human body. Numerous joints and bones contribute to the strength and stability of the wrist.

The wrist joint is one of the most complex joints in the human body. Numerous joints and bones contribute to the strength and stability of the wrist. The wrist is made up of eight separate small bones called carpal bones. The carpal bones connect the two bones of the forearm, the radius and the ulna, to the bones of the hand. The metacarpal bones are the long bones that lie within the palm that attach to the phalanges, the bones in the fingers and thumb.

Articular cartilage is the white tissue lining the ends of bones where the bones connect to form joints. Cartilage acts as cushioning material and helps in smooth gliding of bones during movement. An injury to the joint may damage this cartilage causing severe pain and inflammation, known as degenerative arthritis.

Arthrodesis is the surgical immobilization of a joint by the fusion of the adjacent bones.

Total wrist arthrodesis, also known as wrist fusion is a surgical procedure in which the wrist joint is stabilized or immobilized by fusing the forearm bone (radius) with the small bones of the wrist.

Arthrodesis is done to relieve the pain after severe trauma to the wrist. A painful wrist causes disability and affects function of the upper extremity.

Flexor Tendon Injuries

Tendons are the bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bone. Tendons aid in movement of the fingers, hand and all other body parts.

Tendons are the bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bone. Tendons aid in movement of the fingers, hand and all other body parts.

There are two types of tendons present in the hand- extensor tendons and flexor tendons. Extensor tendons present on top of the hand help with straightening the fingers. Whereas, flexor tendons that lie on the palm side of the hand help in bending the fingers. The flexor tendons are smooth, flexible, thick tissue strands which bend the fingers.

Deep cuts on the under surface of the wrist, hand, or fingers can cut and injure the tendon and make it unable to bend one or more joints in a finger. When a tendon is cut, it acts like a rubber band, where the cut ends are pulled away from each other.

Flexor tendon tears may be partial or complete. If tendons are completely cut through, the finger joints cannot bend on their own at all.

Artificial Finger Joint Replacement

The hands are made up of 27 bones, which are grouped into carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.

The hands are made up of 27 bones, which are grouped into carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. Each bone is separated by the articular cartilage, which helps in a smooth gliding movement of the fingers. Arthritis develops when the cartilage wears-out, resulting in pain, stiffness and inflammation in the joints. Arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but the most commonly affected joints are the small joints of the fingers.

Finger joints are essential for many activities, and arthritis in this area can cause significant joint damage and deformity. Artificial finger joint replacement is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of an arthritic or damaged finger joint and replacement with an artificial prosthesis.

Mini-Open Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist. Small wrist bones known as carpals form the bottom and sides of your...

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist. Small wrist bones known as carpals form the bottom and sides of your carpal tunnel and a strong band of connecting tissue, known as the transverse carpal ligament, covers the top of the carpal tunnel.

The carpel tunnel houses the flexor tendons, that allow you to bend your fingers, and the median nerve, which provides sensation to most of your fingers and hand.

Wrist Arthroscopy

Your wrist is a complex joint made up of eight small bones called carpal bones. These bones are supported by connecting ligaments.

Your wrist is a complex joint made up of eight small bones called carpal bones. These bones are supported by connecting ligaments. Various conditions can affect your wrist joint such as wrist fractures, ganglion cysts, ligament tears and chronic pain.

Wrist arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed to view, diagnose, and treat problems of your wrist joint.

Finger Fractures

The hand is made up of 27 bones that form the wrist, palm, and fingers. Fingers can easily injure from daily activities, and fractures are common injuries that can occur.

The hand is made up of 27 bones that form the wrist, palm, and fingers. Fingers can easily injure from daily activities, and fractures are common injuries that can occur. Injury to the metacarpal bone that connects to the little finger are the most common fractures, accounting for about one-third of all hand fractures. The fracture may be simple or involve a shift in the position of the bone or joint. There are also more severe fractures where the bone is crushed into many pieces.

Ganglion Cyst Removal

Ganglion cysts are fluid-filled lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands.

Ganglion cysts are fluid-filled lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. It looks like a water balloon on a stalk and contains a clear fluid or gelatinous material. Ganglion cysts are noncancerous, generally harmless and disappear without any treatment. However, if the cyst becomes painful or interferes with hand movement, they can be treated non surgically or removed surgically.

Dupuytrens Contracture

Dupuytren’s Contracture is a hand condition where thickening of the underlying fibrous tissues of the palm cause the fingers to bend inward.

Dupuytren’s Contracture is a hand condition where thickening of the underlying fibrous tissues of the palm cause the fingers to bend inward. Patients with this condition are unable to fully straighten the affected fingers.

It is caused from excessive production of collagen which is deposited under the skin. It commonly occurs in the ring finger and little finger. Occasionally the middle finger is affected but the thumb and index finger are rarely affected. Dupuytren’s contracture is a condition that usually progresses slowly over many years and is not usually painful. However, some cases may progress rapidly and be painful to the patient.

Hand Anatomy

The human hand is made up of the wrist, palm, and fingers and consists of 27 bones, 27 joints, 34 muscles, over 100 ligaments and tendons, and many blood vessels and nerves.

The human hand is made up of the wrist, palm, and fingers and consists of 27 bones, 27 joints, 34 muscles, over 100 ligaments and tendons, and many blood vessels and nerves.

The hands enable us to perform many of our daily activities such as driving, writing and cooking. It is important to understand the normal anatomy of the hand in order to learn more about diseases and conditions that can affect our hands.

Mallet Finger

Mallet finger is a condition where the end of the finger is bent and does not straighten.

Mallet finger is a condition where the end of the finger is bent and does not straighten. It occurs when the extensor tendon on the back of the finger is damaged. The finger joint is a hinge-joint that allows bending and straightening of the fingers. Each finger is composed of 3 phalanges bones, joined by 2 interphalangeal joints (IP joints). The joint near the base of the finger is called the proximal IP joint or PIP joint, and the joint near the tip of the finger is called the distal IP joint or DIP joint.

Mallet finger occurs from sports activities causing a “jammed” finger or from excessive stress on the finger such as with a crushing injury. The injury causes either rupture of the extensor tendon without a bone fracture or rupture with a small or large bone fracture.

Generally, mallet finger can be treated non-surgically using specially designed splints that immobilize the finger and promote natural healing. In cases of fracture, complete bone healing may take 6-8 weeks, followed by physical therapy for strengthening. In severe cases that don’t respond to conservative treatment, surgery is recommended.

If left untreated, mallet finger can develop into a finger joint deformity referred to as a swan neck deformity.

Wrist Fracture

The wrist is comprised of two bones in the forearm, the radius and ulna, and eight tiny carpal bones in the palm.

The wrist is comprised of two bones in the forearm, the radius and ulna, and eight tiny carpal bones in the palm. The bones meet to form multiple large and small joints. A wrist fracture refers to a break in one or more of these bones.

Wrist Joint Replacement

The wrist is a complex joint made up of 8 carpal bones aligned in two rows with four bones present in each row.

The wrist is a complex joint made up of 8 carpal bones aligned in two rows with four bones present in each row. The carpal bones are further connected to 5 metacarpal bones that form the palm of the hand. Each small bone forms a joint with the bone next to it. Thus, the wrist joint is made up of many small joints. The two bones of the forearm, radius and ulna, also form a joint with the first row of carpals.

The ends of all these bones are covered with a white, shiny material called articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is smooth and has a rubbery consistency. It allows the bones in a joint to move smoothly against each other. Injury, infection, and diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can damage or wear out the articular cartilage. This may cause the wrist bones to rub against each other producing pain, stiffness and swelling of the wrist.

Wrist joint replacement surgery, also referred to as total wrist arthroplasty, involves replacement of a severe arthritic wrist joint with an artificial joint made of metal and plastic components. It relieves pain and restores function when conservative treatment fails to provide relief.
Platelet Rich Plasma Injection (PRP)

PRP is a relatively new method of treatment for several orthopaedic conditions such as muscle, ligament, and tendon injuries; arthritis; and fractures.

PRP is a relatively new method of treatment for several orthopaedic conditions such as muscle, ligament, and tendon injuries; arthritis; and fractures. PRP injections can help alleviate painful symptoms, promote healing and delay joint replacement surgeries. Platelet-rich plasma or PRP is a high concentration of platelets and plasma. A normal blood specimen contains only 6% platelets, while platelet-rich plasma contains 94% of platelets and 5 to 10 times the concentration of growth factors found in normal blood, thus greater healing properties.

Physical Therapy

Physical Therapy, often referred to as PT, is an exercise program that helps you to improve movement, relieve pain, encourage blood flow for faster healing...

Physical Therapy, often referred to as PT, is an exercise program that helps you to improve movement, relieve pain, encourage blood flow for faster healing, and restore your physical function and fitness level following an injury or surgery. It can be prescribed by your doctor as an individual treatment program or combined with other treatments and involves a combination of education, manual therapy, exercises and techniques such as water therapy, heat, cold, electrical stimulation and ultrasound.

The main goal of physical therapy is to make your daily activities such as walking, getting in and out of bed, or climbing stairs easier through a tailored exercise program under the guidance of a physical therapist and enable a more active and healthier lifestyle.
Carticel Procedures

Articular Cartilage is the white tissue lining the ends of bones where they connect to form joints.

Articular Cartilage is the white tissue lining the ends of bones where they connect to form joints. The cartilage acts as cushioning material and helps enable smooth gliding of the bones during movement. Injury or age-related wear and tear at the joint may damage this cartilage, causing severe pain and inflammation.

Carticel (autologous cultured chondrocytes) is a product derived from the body’s own cartilage cells called chondrocytes, and is used to treat cartilage injuries of the knee.

Carticel treatment, also known as Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is a surgical procedure to stimulate the growth of new cartilage in order to treat the damaged cartilage in the knee.

Cartilage Restoration

Articular cartilage is the smooth, shiny, white tissue covering the ends of bones those form a joint.

Articular cartilage is the smooth, shiny, white tissue covering the ends of bones those form a joint. Articular cartilage reduces friction when bones glide over each other, making the movements smooth and painless. It also acts as a shock absorber to help prevent traumatic injuries to the bones. When cartilage is damaged it can cause painful movements and limited joint mobility and eventually progress to osteoarthritis.

Cartilage damage can occur from normal wear and tear of the body’s joints as we age as well as from injury or other disease conditions. Because of its avascular nature (absence of blood supply), cartilage cannot repair itself and therefore surgical treatment is usually required to restore cartilage function and prevent progression of the damage into arthritis.

Cartilage Grafting

Cartilage grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces damaged cartilage with healthy cartilage from a nonâ€weight bearing joint.

Cartilage grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces damaged cartilage with healthy cartilage from a nonâ€weight bearing joint. Cartilage grafting is performed to correct joint deformities and restore the weightâ€bearing capability of the affected joint.

Cartilage grafting is indicated in patients with articular cartilage damage in the knee to restore normal functioning of the joint.

Articular or hyaline cartilage is the tissue lining the surface of the two bones in the knee joint. Cartilage helps the bones move smoothly against each other and can withstand the pressure of activities such as running and jumping. Articular cartilage does not have a direct blood supply so it has less capacity to repair itself. Once the cartilage is torn it will not heal easily and can lead to degeneration of the articular surface, also called osteoarthritis.

The damage in articular cartilage can affect people of all ages. It can be damaged either by trauma such as accidents, mechanical injury such as a fall, or from degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) occurring in older people.

Patients with articular cartilage damage experience symptoms such as joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and a decrease in range of motion of the knee.
ACL Reconstruction Patellar Tendon

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize the knee joint.

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the knee that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and helps stabilize the knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament prevents excessive forward movement of the lower leg bone (tibia) in relation to the thigh bone (femur) as well as limits rotational movements of the knee.

A tear of this ligament can make you feel as though your knees will not allow you to move or even hold you up.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction patellar tendon is a surgical procedure that replaces the injured ACL with a patellar tendon.